Schema Therapy and Depressive Disorder: A systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31505/rbtcc.v27i1.1880Keywords:
dysthymic disorder, schema therapy, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, cognitive behavior therapyAbstract
Schema therapy (ST) has been gaining evidence beyond personality disorders, but research into some conditions such as depression is still in its initial stages. The aim of this review was to indicate in the literature the main results of primary research into the treatment of depression from a ST perspective. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and APA PsycInfo databases, encompassing articles up until October 7, 2023. Seven studies met the criteria and were selected for full analysis. The results showed efficacy of ST for treating depression in all studies. ST showed similar results when compared to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. These results reinforce the need to create specific protocols for chronic depression using ST, in order to find forms of treatment that can be effective and stable over time for a large number of patients.
Downloads
References
American Psychiatric Association (2023). Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais: DSM-5-TR. 5.ed. rev. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Arimitsu, K., Hitokoto, H., Kind, S., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019). Differences in Compassion, Well-being, and Social Anxiety Between Japan and the USA. Mindfulness, 10(5), 854–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1045-6
Aunjitsakul, W., McLeod, H. J., & Gumley, A. (2022). Understanding psychological mechanisms linking social anxiety and paranoia: A cross-cultural general population survey in Thailand and the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Research Communications, 2(4), 100079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycom.2022.100079
A-Tjak, J. G. L., Morina, N., Topper, M., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2018). A Randomized Controlled Trial in Routine Clinical Practice Comparing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 87(3), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486807
Bach, B., Lockwood, G., & Young, J. E. (2018). A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(4), 328–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566
Carter, J. D., Jordan, J., McIntosh, V. V. W., Frampton, C. M. A., Lacey, C., Porter, R. J., & Mulder, R. T. (2022). Long-term efficacy of metacognitive therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy for depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 56(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211025686
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Warmerdam, L., & Smits, N. (2008). Characteristics of effective psychological treatments of depression: A metaregression analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 18(2), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300701442027
Cuijpers, P. (2016). The future of psychotherapy research: stop the waste and focus on issues that matter. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25(4), 291–294. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796015000785
* Carter, J. D., McIntosh, V. V., Jordan, J., Porter, R. J., Frampton, C. M., & Joyce, P. R. (2013). Psychotherapy for depression: A randomized clinical trial comparing schema therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.034
Cuijpers, P., Huibers, M., Daniel Ebert, D., Koole, S. L., & Andersson, G. (2013). How much psychotherapy is needed to treat depression? A metaregression analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149(1–3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.030
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Schuurmans, J., van Oppen, P., Hollon, S. D., & Andersson, G. (2010). Psychotherapy for chronic major depression and dysthymia: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.09.003
de Felice, G., Giuliani, A., Halfon, S., Andreassi, S., Paoloni, G., & Orsucci, F. F. (2019). The misleading Dodo Bird verdict. How much of the outcome variance is explained by common and specific factors? New Ideas in Psychology, 54(July 2018), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.01.006
Duan, J. (2022). New Perspectives of Persistent Depressive Disorder. In Proceedings of the 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022) (pp. 650–657). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_80
Elmer, T., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Depressive symptoms are associated with social isolation in face-to-face interaction networks. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58297-9
Farinha‐Fernandes, A., Conceição, N., & Silva, R. (2021). Categories of transdiagnostic processes: Qualitative data from psychotherapy practitioners. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(3), 652–659. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12348
Goodheart, C. D., Levant, R. F., Barlow, D. H., Carter, J., Davidson, K. W., Hagglund, K. J., Hollon, S. D., Johnson, J. D., Leviton, L. C., Mahrer, A. R., Newman, F. L., Norcross, J. C., Silverman, D. K., Smedley, B. D., Wampold, B. E., Westen, D. I., Yates, B. T., Zane, N. W., Reed, G. M., … Bullock, M. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61(4), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271
* Heilemann, M. V., Pieters, H. C., Kehoe, P., & Yang, Q. (2011). Schema therapy, motivational interviewing, and collaborative-mapping as treatment for depression among low income, second generation Latinas. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(4), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.05.001
Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: Preclinical and clinical studies. Biological Psychiatry, 49(12), 1023–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01157-X
Hellerstein, D. J., Hunnicutt-Ferguson, K., Stewart, J. W., McGrath, P. J., Keller, S., Peterson, B. S., & Chen, Y. (2017). Do social functioning and symptoms improve with continuation antidepressant treatment of persistent depressive disorder? An observational study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210(October 2016), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.026
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2024). Depressive disorders prevalence [Dataset]. Global burden of disease, major processing by Our World in Data. Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/depressive-disorders-prevalence-ihme
Ildirli, S., Sair, Y. B., & Dereboy, F. (2015). Persistent Depression as a Novel Diagnostic Category: Results from the Menderes Depression Study. Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi, 52(4), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2015.7589
Jacob, G. A., & Arntz, A. (2013). Schema Therapy for Personality Disorders—A Review. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 6(2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2013.6.2.171
Jalali, F., Hasani, A., Hashemi, S. F., Kimiaei, S. A., & Babaei, A. (2019). Cognitive Group Therapy Based on Schema-Focused Approach for Reducing Depression in Prisoners Living With HIV. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(2), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X18784185
James, S. L., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abebe, Z., Abera, S. F., Abil, O. Z., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Accrombessi, M. M. K., … Murray, C. J. L. (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 1789–1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
Joshua, P. R., Lewis, V., Kelty, S. F., & Boer, D. P. (2023). Is schema therapy effective for adults with eating disorders? A systematic review into the evidence. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 52(3), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2022.2158926
Keefe, J. R., Webb, C. A., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2016). In cognitive therapy for depression, early focus on maladaptive beliefs may be especially efficacious for patients with personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(4), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000071
Keller, M. B., McCullough, J. P., Klein, D. N., Arnow, B., Dunner, D. L., Gelenberg, A. J., Markowitz, J. C., Nemeroff, C. B., Russell, J. M., Thase, M. E., Trivedi, M. H., Blalock, J. A., Borian, F. E., Jody, D. N., DeBattista, C., Koran, L. M., Schatzberg, A. F., Fawcett, J., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., … Zajecka, J. (2000). A Comparison of Nefazodone, the Cognitive Behavioral-Analysis System of Psychotherapy, and Their Combination for the Treatment of Chronic Depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(20), 1462–1470. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200005183422001
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (1999). Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(6), 837–841. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.6.837
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013). The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures. Annual Review of Public Health, 34(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409
Klein, D. N., & Santiago, N. J. (2003). Dysthymia and chronic depression: Introduction, classification, risk factors, and course. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(8), 807–816. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10174
Klein, D. N., Schatzberg, A. F., McCullough, J. P., Keller, M. B., Dowling, F., Goodman, D., Howland, R. H., Markowitz, J. C., Smith, C., Miceli, R., & Harrison, W. M. (1999). Early- versus late-onset dysthymic disorder: comparison in out-patients with superimposed major depressive episodes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 52(1–3), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00079-2
Koç, V., & Kafa, G. (2019). Cross-Cultural Research on Psychotherapy: The Need for a Change. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(1), 100–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118806577
Kocsis, J. H. (2003). Pharmacotherapy for chronic depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(8), 885–892. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10180
* Kool, M., Van, H., Arntz, A., Bartak, A., Peen, J., Dil, L., de Boer, K., & Dekker, J. (2024). Dosage effects of psychodynamic and schema therapy in people with comorbid depression and personality disorder: Four-arm pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 224(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2023.139
* Kopf-Beck, J., Müller, C. L., Tamm, J., Fietz, J., Rek, N., Just, L., Spock, Z. I., Weweck, K., Takano, K., Rein, M., Keck, M. E., & Egli, S. (2024). Effectiveness of schema therapy for depression in inpatient and day clinic settings: A randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1159/000535492
Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., & Wampold, B. E. (2014). Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective. Psychotherapy, 51(4), 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034332
Ley, P., Helbig-Lang, S., Czilwik, S., Lang, T., Worlitz, A., Brücher, K., & Petermann, F. (2011). Phenomenological differences between acute and chronic forms of major depression in inpatients. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 65(5), 330–337. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2011.552121
* Malogiannis, I. A., Arntz, A., Spyropoulou, A., Tsartsara, E., Aggeli, A., Karveli, S., Vlavianou, M., Pehlivanidis, A., Papadimitriou, G. N., & Zervas, I. (2014). Schema therapy for patients with chronic depression: A single case series study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(3), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.02.003
Marker, I., Corbett, B. E., Drummond, S. P. A., & Norton, P. J. (2020). Intermittent Motivational Interviewing and Transdiagnostic CBT for Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102276
May, D. G., Shaffer, V. N., & Yoon, K. L. (2020). Treatment of double depression: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 291(June), 113262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113262
McIntosh, V. V. W., Jordan, J., Carter, J. D., Frampton, C. M. A., McKenzie, J. M., Latner, J. D., & Joyce, P. R. (2016). Psychotherapy for transdiagnostic binge eating: A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy, appetite-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy, and schema therapy. Psychiatry Research, 240, 412–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.080
Mohr, D. C., Ho, J., Hart, T. L., Baron, K. G., Berendsen, M., Beckner, V., Cai, X., Cuijpers, P., Spring, B., Kinsinger, S. W., Schroder, K. E., & Duffecy, J. (2014). Control condition design and implementation features in controlled trials: a meta-analysis of trials evaluating psychotherapy for depression. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 4(4), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-014-0262-3
Mohr, D. C., Spring, B., Freedland, K. E., Beckner, V., Arean, P., Hollon, S. D., Ockene, J., & Kaplan, R. (2009). The Selection and Design of Control Conditions for Randomized Controlled Trials of Psychological Interventions. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78(5), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1159/000228248
Moleiro, C. (2018). Culture and psychopathology: New perspectives on research, practice, and clinical training in a globalized world. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(AUG), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00366
Mulder, R., Singh, A. B., Hamilton, A., Das, P., Outhred, T., Morris, G., Bassett, D., Baune, B. T., Berk, M., Boyce, P., Lyndon, B., Parker, G., & Malhi, G. S. (2018). The limitations of using randomised controlled trials as a basis for developing treatment guidelines. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 21(1), 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2017-102701
Negele, A., Kaufhold, J., Kallenbach, L., & Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2015). Childhood Trauma and Its Relation to Chronic Depression in Adulthood. Depression Research and Treatment, 2015, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/650804
* Nikparvar, F., Sasanian, F., Spencer, C., & Stith, S. (2023). Effectiveness of Compassion-Based Acceptance Therapy and Schema Therapy on Intimate Partner Violence Victims’ Psychological Health. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(17–18), 9845–9868. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231169736
Norcross, J. C., Pfund, R. A., & Cook, D. M. (2022). The predicted future of psychotherapy: A decennial e-Delphi poll. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 53(2), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000431
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pavlacic, J. M., & Young, J. (2020). Process-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Framework for Conceptualization and Treatment. Clinical Case Studies, 19(6), 456–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650120951858
Peeters, N., van Passel, B., & Krans, J. (2021). The effectiveness of schema therapy for patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD: A systematic review and research agenda. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12324
Philips, B., & Falkenström, F. (2021). What Research Evidence Is Valid for Psychotherapy Research? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(January), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.625380
* Renner, F., Arntz, A., Leeuw, I., & Huibers, M. (2013). Treatment for chronic depression using schema therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 20(2), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12032
* Renner, F., Arntz, A., Peeters, F. P. M. L., Lobbestael, J., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2016). Schema therapy for chronic depression: Results of a multiple single case series. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 51, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.12.001
Rethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., Koffel, J. B., Blunt, H., Brigham, T., Chang, S., Clark, J., Conway, A., Couban, R., de Kock, S., Farrah, K., Fehrmann, P., Foster, M., Fowler, S. A., Glanville, J., … Young, S. (2021). PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z
Riper, H., Andersson, G., Hunter, S. B., de Wit, J., Berking, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2014). Treatment of comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression with cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing: A meta-analysis. In Addiction (Vol. 109, Issue 3, pp. 394–406). https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12441
Robinson, L., Delgadillo, J., & Kellett, S. (2020). The dose-response effect in routinely delivered psychological therapies: A systematic review. Psychotherapy Research, 30(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2019.1566676
Schaeuffele, C., Schulz, A., Knaevelsrud, C., Renneberg, B., & Boettcher, J. (2021). CBT at the Crossroads: The Rise of Transdiagnostic Treatments. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 14(1), 86–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-020-00095-2
Bakos, D. S., Gallo, A. E., & Wainer, R. (2015). Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy. Contemporary Behavioral Health Care, 1(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.15761/CBHC.1000104
Schramm, E., Klein, D. N., Elsaesser, M., Furukawa, T. A., & Domschke, K. (2020). Review of dysthymia and persistent depressive disorder: history, correlates, and clinical implications. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(9), 801–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30099-7
Schramm, E., Kriston, L., Zobel, I., Bailer, J., Wambach, K., Backenstrass, M., Klein, J. P., Schoepf, D., Schnell, K., Gumz, A., Bausch, P., Fangmeier, T., Meister, R., Berger, M., Hautzinger, M., & Härter, M. (2017). Effect of disorder-specific vs nonspecific psychotherapy for chronic depression: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(3), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3880
Serbanescu, I., Backenstrass, M., Drost, S., Weber, B., Walter, H., Klein, J. P., Zobel, I., Hautzinger, M., Meister, R., Härter, M., Schramm, E., & Schoepf, D. (2020). Impact of Baseline Characteristics on the Effectiveness of Disorder-Specific Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) and Supportive Psychotherapy in Outpatient Treatment for Persistent Depressive Disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(December), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.607300
Shean, G. (2014). Limitations of Randomized Control Designs in Psychotherapy Research. Advances in Psychiatry, 2014, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/561452
* Stavropoulos, A., Brockman, R., Hayes, C., Rogers, K., & Berle, D. (2023). A single case series of imagery rescripting of intrusive autobiographical memories in depression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 81(May 2022), 101854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101854
Tamannaeifar, S., Gharraee, B., Birashk, B. & Habibi, M. (2014). A comparative effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and group cognitive therapy for major depressive disorder. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Science, 16, 29-31.
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Van Randenborgh, A., Hüffmeier, J., Victor, D., Klocke, K., Borlinghaus, J., & Pawelzik, M. (2012). Contrasting chronic with episodic depression: An analysis of distorted socio-emotional information processing in chronic depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(2–3), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.039
Vares, E. A., Salum, G. A., Spanemberg, L., Caldieraro, M. A., De Souza, L. H., Borges, R. de P., & Fleck, M. P. (2016). Childhood trauma and dimensions of depression: A specific association with the cognitive domain. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 38(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1764
Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Dunn, T. W., & Jarrett, R. B. (2007). Reducing relapse and recurrence in unipolar depression: A comparative meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy’s effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(3), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.475
Wang, F., Yang, J., Pan, F., Bourgeois, J. A., & Huang, J. H. (2020). Editorial: Early Life Stress and Depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10(January), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00964
Wiersma, J. E., Van Schaik, D. J. F., Hoogendorn, A. W., Dekker, J. J., Van, H. L., Schoevers, R. A., Blom, M. B. J., Maas, K., Smit, J. H., McCullough, J. P., Beekman, A. T. F., & Van Oppen, P. (2014). The effectiveness of the cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy for chronic depression: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(5), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1159/000360795
Wolf, J., Padberg, F., Nenov-Matt, T., Amann, B. L., Barton, B. B., Tang, J., Glessner, G., Brakemeier, E. L., Jobst, A., Musil, R., & Reinhard, M. A. (2022). Suicidal behaviors are associated with loneliness and decrease during inpatient CBASP treatment for persistent depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 154(March), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.059
Zhang, K., Hu, X., Ma, L., Xie, Q., Wang, Z., Fan, C., & Li, X. (2023). The efficacy of schema therapy for personality disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2023.2228304
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Brazilian Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Brazilian Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy own the copyright of all articles published by it. The reproduction of articles in this journal in other publications, or for any other purpose, by any other means, requires permission from the Editor.
Pre-Print, Accepted Manuscript, and Final Published Version Archiving, Sharing and Re-Use Policy
The authors’ contribution to RBTCC has three versions, which are defined below and can be archived, shared, and re-used under the following conditions:
1. A pre-print (or original submission) is the author’s version of the article before peer-review has taken place. Prior to acceptance for publication, author(s) retain the right to make a Pre-Print of their article available: on their own personal, self-maintained website; or on a legally compliant pre-print server (e.g., PsyArXiv, arXiv). Once the article has been published, the author(s) should update their acknowledgement and provide a link to the definitive version on RBTCC’s website, adding a text such as: “This is a pre-print of an article published in the Brazilian Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/[insert DOI]”. RBTCC encourages posting of preprints of manuscripts on preprint servers, authors’ or institutional websites, and open communications between researchers whether on community preprint servers or preprint commenting platforms. Posting of preprints is not considered prior publication and will not jeopardize consideration from RBTCC. Authors should disclose details of preprint posting - including DOI and licensing terms - upon submission of the manuscript or at any other point during consideration at RBTCC publication process.
2. An accepted manuscript is the version accepted for publication in RBTCC following peer review but prior to copyediting and typesetting that can be made available under the following conditions:
(i) on their own personal, self-maintained website immediately on acceptance,
(ii) for public release, 12 months after first publication (i.e., "Embargo Period"), on any of the following: their employer’s internal website; their institutional and/or funder repositories. Accepted manuscripts may also be deposited in such repositories immediately on acceptance, provided that they are not made publicly available until after the Embargo Period.
An acknowledgement in the following form should be included with a link to the published version on the publisher’s website: “This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in the Brazilian Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/[insert DOI]”.
3. The final published (PDF) version is the copy-edited and typeset RBTCC’s PDF, the same version published on the journal’s website. It can be archived in institutional or funder repositories and can be made publicly accessible immediately.
Any re-use terms for users of websites and repositories (where your pre-print or accepted manuscript are posted) are restricted to non-commercial and no derivative uses.
The authors may not republish or translate any version of their contribution in another journal without prior permission from RBTCC’s Editor-in-Chief.
